What is one effect of excessive cortisol in the body?

Excessive cortisol in the body, a condition often associated with chronic stress or Cushing's syndrome, leads to various physiological changes, one of which includes increased appetite. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone that plays a crucial role in metabolism, and its elevated levels can stimulate hunger and cravings, particularly for high-calorie and carbohydrate-rich foods. This mechanism is a response to the body's need to mobilize energy resources during stress, potentially contributing to fat accumulation, especially in the abdominal area.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately reflect the effects of high cortisol levels. Weight loss is not typically associated with excessive cortisol; rather, it often leads to weight gain. Improved immune function is also contrary to the effects of high cortisol, as elevated levels can suppress immune responses. Similarly, enhanced muscle growth is unlikely because high cortisol can lead to muscle breakdown and loss instead of promoting growth. Understanding these effects of cortisol is vital in recognizing how the endocrine system interacts with stress and metabolism.